Information de reference pour ce titreAccession Number: | 01445455-200606000-00008.
|
Author: | Mitterschiffthaler, Martina T. MSc 1; Ettinger, Ulrich PhD 1; Mehta, Mitul A. MA, PhD 1; Mataix-Cols, David PhD 2; Williams, Steve C.R. PhD 1,*
|
Institution: | (1) Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK (2) Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
|
Title: | |
Source: | Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 23(6):851-861, June 2006.
|
Abstract: | : While the use of MRI techniques has become a cornerstone of the neurology clinic, the application of such methods in psychiatry was rather limited until the advent of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Over the past decade fMRI has superseded radionuclide-imaging techniques and blossomed into a widely used psychiatric research tool. This review focuses on the neurobiological findings from fMRI research in three less well-documented psychiatric disorders: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Although there was some disparity in early findings, greater standardization of image acquisition, analysis, and paradigms, and improved clinical classification are leading to a greater convergence of observations from different laboratories. fMRI is also beginning to realize its potential as an important mediator between genes and phenotypes, and may thus contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of major neuropsychiatric diseases. The role of fMRI in the objective assessment of therapeutic intervention and early prediction of response to treatment is also discussed.
Copyright (C) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
|
Author Keywords: | fMRI; ADHD; depression; OCD; genes.
|
References: | 1. Americal Academy of Pediatrics. Diagnosis and evaluation of the child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 2000:105:1158-1170.
2. Hudziak JJ, Derks EM, Althoff RR, Rettew DC, Boomsma DI. The genetic and environmental contributions to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder as measured by the Conners rating scales-revised. Am J Psychiatry 2005:162:1614-1620.
3. Biederman J, Mick E, Faraone SV. Age-dependent decline of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: impact of remission definition and symptom type. Am J Psychiatry 2000:157:816-818.
4. Bymaster FP, Katner JS, Nelson DL, et al. Atomoxetine increases extracellular levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in prefrontal cortex of rat: a potential mechanism for efficacy in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002:27:699-711.
5. Barkley RA. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, self-regulation, and time: toward a more comprehensive theory. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1997:18:271-279.
6. Pennington BF, Ozonoff S. Executive functions and developmental psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1996:37:51-87.
7. Sergeant J. The cognitive-energetic model: an empirical approach to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2000:24:7-12.
8. Sonuga-Barke EJ. The dual pathway model of AD/HD: an elaboration of neuro-developmental characteristics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2003:27:593-604.
9. Nigg JT. Neuropsychologic theory and findings in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the state of the field and salient challenges for the coming decade. Biol Psychiatry 2005:57:1424-1435.
10. Lou HC, Henriksen L, Bruhn P. Focal cerebral hypoperfusion in children with dysphasia and/or attention deficit disorder. Arch Neurol 1984:41:825-829.
11. Lou HC, Henriksen L, Bruhn P. Focal cerebral dysfunction in developmental learning disabilities. Lancet 1990:335:8-11.
12. Lou HC, Henriksen L, Bruhn P, Borner H, Nielsen JB. Striatal dysfunction in attention deficit and hyperkinetic disorder. Arch Neurol 1989:46:48-52.
13. Lou HC, Andresen J, Steinberg B, McLaughlin T, Friberg L. The striatum in a putative cerebral network activated by verbal awareness in normals and in ADHD children. Eur J Neurol 1998:5:67-74.
14. Bush G, Valera EM, Seidman LJ. Functional neuroimaging of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a review and suggested future directions. Biol Psychiatry 2005:57:1273-1284.
15. Willcutt EG, Doyle AE, Nigg JT, Faraone SV, Pennington BF. Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. Biol Psychiatry 2005:57:1336-1346.
16. Boonstra AM, Oosterlaan J, Sergeant JA, Buitelaar JK. Executive functioning in adult ADHD: a meta-analytic review. Psychol Med 2005:35:1097-1108.
17. Johnson MK, Raye CL, Mitchell KJ, Greene EJ, Anderson AW. fMRI evidence for an organization of prefrontal cortex by both type of process and type of information. Cereb Cortex 2003:13:265-273.
18. Koechlin E, Ody C, Kouneiher F. The architecture of cognitive control in the human prefrontal cortex. Science 2003:302:1181-1185.
19. Ramnani N, Owen AM. Anterior prefrontal cortex: insights into function from anatomy and neuroimaging. Nat Rev Neurosci 2004:5:184-194.
20. Ridderinkhof KR, van den Wildenberg WP, Segalowitz SJ, Carter CS. Neurocognitive mechanisms of cognitive control: the role of prefrontal cortex in action selection, response inhibition, performance monitoring, and reward-based learning. Brain Cogn 2004:56:129-140.
21. Vaidya CJ, Austin G, Kirkorian G, et al. Selective effects of methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a functional magnetic resonance study. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998:95:14494-14499.
22. Durston S, Thomas KM, Yang Y, et al. The development of neural systems involved in overriding behavioral responses: an event-related fMRI study. Dev Sci 2002:5:F9-F16.
23. Durston S, Tottenham NT, Thomas KM, et al. Differential patterns of striatal activation in young children with and without ADHD. Biol Psychiatry 2003:53:871-878.
24. Aron AR, Fletcher PC, Bullmore ET, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW. Stop-signal inhibition disrupted by damage to right inferior frontal gyrus in humans. Nat Neurosci 2003:6:115-116.
25. Rubia K, Overmeyer S, Taylor E, et al. Hypofrontality in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during higher-order motor control: a study with functional MRI. Am J Psychiatry 1991:156:891-896.
26. Rubia K, Smith AB, Brammer MJ, Toone B, Taylor E. Abnormal brain activation during inhibition and error detection in medication-naive adolescents with ADHD. Am J Psychiatry 2005:162:1067-1075.
27. Schulz KP, Fan J, Tang CY, et al. Response inhibition in adolescents diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during childhood: an event-related fMRI study. Am J Psychiatry 2004:161:1650-1657.
28. Schulz KP, Newcorn JH, Fan J, Tang CY, Halperin JM. Brain activation gradients in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex related to persistence of ADHD in adolescent boys. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005:44:47-54.
29. Schulz KP, Tang CY, Fan J, et al. Differential prefrontal cortex activation during inhibitory control in adolescents with and without childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology 2005:19:390-402.
30. Tamm L, Menon V, Ringel J, Reiss AL. Event-related fMRI evidence of frontotemporal involvement in aberrant response inhibition and task switching in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004:43:1430-1440.
31. Vaidya CJ, Bunge SA, Dudukovic NM, Zalecki CA, Elliott GR, Gabrieli JD. Altered neural substrates of cognitive control in childhood ADHD: evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Psychiatry 2005:162:1605-1613.
32. Zang YF, Jin Z, Weng XC, et al. Functional MRI in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: evidence for hypofrontality. Brain Dev 2005;27:544-550.
33. Bush G, Frazier JA, Rauch SL, et al. Anterior cingulate cortex dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder revealed by fMRI and the counting Stroop. Biol Psychiatry 1999:45:1542-1552.
34. Schweitzer JB, Lee DO, Hanford RB, et al. Effect of methylphenidate on executive functioning in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: normalization of behavior but not related brain activity. Biol Psychiatry 2004:56:597-606.
35. Mehta MA, Calloway P, Sahakian BJ. Amelioration of specific working memory deficits by methylphenidate in a case of adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Psychopharmacol 2000:14:299-302.
36. Valera EM, Faraone SV, Biederman J, Poldrack RA, Seidman LJ. Functional neuroanatomy of working memory in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2005:57:439-447.
37. Parker G, Hadzi-Pavlovic D. Is the female preponderance in major depression secondary to a gender difference in specific anxiety disorders? Psychol Med 2004:34:461-470.
38. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994:51:8-19.
39. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
40. Bostwick JM, Pankratz VS. Affective disorders and suicide risk: a re-examination. Am J Psychiatry 2000:157:1925-1932.
41. Oquendo MA, Galfalvy H, Russo S, et al. Prospective study of clinical predictors of suicidal acts after a major depressive episode in patients with major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2004:161:1433-1441.
42. Fu CHY, Walsh ND, Drevets WC. Neuroimaging studies of mood disorders. In: Fu CHY, Senior C, Russell TA, Weinberger D, Murray R, editors. Neuroimaging in psychiatry. London: Martin Dunitz/Taylor & Francis Group; 2003. p 131-169.
43. Soares JC, Mann JJ. The anatomy of mood disorders-review of structural neuroimaging studies. Biol Psychiatry 1997:41:86-106.
44. Drevets WC. Neuroimaging and neuropathological studies of depression: implications for the cognitive-emotional features of mood disorders. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2001:11:240-249.
45. Davidson RJ, Pizzagalli D, Nitschke JB, Putnam K. Depression: perspectives from affective neuroscience. Annu Rev Psychol 2002:53:545-574.
46. Soares JC, Mann JJ. The functional neuroanatomy of mood disorders. J Psychiatr Res 1997:31:393-432.
47. Drevets WC. Functional neuroimaging studies of depression: the anatomy of melancholia. Annu Rev Med 1998:49:341-361.
48. Fu CH, Williams SC, Cleare AJ, et al. Attenuation of the neural response to sad faces in major depression by antidepressant treatment: a prospective, event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004:61:877-889.
49. Keedwell PA, Andrew C, Williams SC, Brammer MJ, Phillips ML. The neural correlates of anhedonia in major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2005;58:843-853.
50. Phillips ML, Drevets WC, Rauch SL, Lane R. Neurobiology of emotion perception II: Implications for major psychiatric disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2003:54:515-528.
51. Beck AT. Cognitive therapy: a 30-year retrospective. Am J Psychol 1991:46:368-375.
52. Weingartner H, Cohen RM, Murphy DL, Martello J, Gerdt C. Cognitive processes in depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981:38:42-47.
53. Elliott R, Sahakian BJ, McKay AP, Herrod JJ, Robbins TW, Paykel ES. Neuropsychological impairments in unipolar depression: the influence of perceived failure on subsequent performance. Psychol Med 1996:26:975-989.
54. Berman KF, Doran AR, Pickar D, Weinberger DR. Is the mechanism of prefrontal hypofunction in depression the same as in schizophrenia? Regional cerebral blood flow during cognitive activation. Br J Psychiatry 1993:162:183-192.
55. Barch DM, Sheline YI, Csernansky JG, Snyder AZ. Working memory and prefrontal cortex dysfunction: specificity to schizophrenia compared with major depression. Biol Psychiatry 2003:53:376-384.
56. Harvey PO, Fossati P, Pochon JB, et al. Cognitive control and brain resources in major depression: an fMRI study using the n-back task. Neuroimage 2005:26:860-869.
57. George MS, Ketter TA, Parekh PI, et al. Blunted left cingulate activation in mood disorder subjects during a response interference task (the Stroop). J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1997:9:55-63.
58. Elliott R, Baker SC, Rogers RD, et al. Prefrontal dysfunction in depressed patients performing a complex planning task: a study using positron emission tomography. Psychol Med 1997:27:931-942.
59. Okada G, Okamoto Y, Morinobu S, Yamawaki S, Yokota N. Attenuated left prefrontal activation during a verbal fluency task in patients with depression. Neuropsychobiology 2003:47:21-26.
60. Hugdahl K, Rund BR, Lund A, et al. Brain activation measured with fMRI during a mental arithmetic task in schizophrenia and major depression. Am J Psychiatry 2004:161:286-293.
61. Beauregard M, Leroux JM, Bergman S, et al. The functional neuroanatomy of major depression: an fMRI study using an emotional activation paradigm. Neuroreport 1998:9:3253-3258.
62. Mayberg HS, Liotti M, Brannan SK, et al. Reciprocal limbic-cortical function and negative mood: converging PET findings in depression and normal sadness. Am J Psychiatry 1999:156:675-682.
63. Kumari V, Mitterschiffthaler MT, Teasdale JD, et al. Neural abnormalities during cognitive generation of affect in treatment-resistant depression. Biol Psychiatry 2003:54:777-791.
64. Siegle GJ, Steinhauer SR, Thase ME, Stenger VA, Carter CS. Can't shake that feeling: event-related fMRI assessment of sustained amygdala activity in response to emotional information in depressed individuals. Biol Psychiatry 2002:51:693-707.
65. Sheline YI, Barch DM, Donnelly JM, Ollinger JM, Snyder AZ, Mintun MA. Increased amygdala response to masked emotional faces in depressed subjects resolves with antidepressant treatment: an fMRI study. Biol Psychiatry 2001:50:651-658.
66. Surguladze S, Brammer MJ, Keedwell P, et al. A differential pattern of neural response toward sad versus happy facial expressions in major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2005:57:201-209.
67. Anand A, Li Y, Wang Y, et al. Activity and connectivity of brain mood regulating circuit in depression: a functional magnetic resonance study. Biol Psychiatry 2005:57:1079-1088.
68. Davidson RJ, Irwin W, Anderle MJ, Kalin NH. The neural substrates of affective processing in depressed patients treated with venlafaxine. Am J Psychiatry 2003:160:64-75.
69. Mataix-Cols D, Rosario-Campos MC, Leckman JF. A multidimensional model of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2005:162:228-238.
70. Saxena S, Rauch SL. Functional neuroimaging and the neuroanatomy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2000:23:563-586.
71. Whiteside SP, Port JD, Abramowitz JS. A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2004:132:69-79.
72. Remijnse PL, van den Heuvel OA, Veltman DJ. Neuroimaging of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Curr Med Imaging Rev 2005;1:331-351.
73. Saxena S, Brody AL, Ho ML, et al. Cerebral metabolism in major depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder occurring separately and concurrently. Biol Psychiatry 2001:50:159-170.
74. Mataix-Cols D, Cullen S, Lange K, et al. Neural correlates of anxiety associated with obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions in normal volunteers. Biol Psychiatry 2003:53:482-493.
75. Baxter LR Jr, Schwartz JM, Bergman KS, et al. Caudate glucose metabolic rate changes with both drug and behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992:49:681-689.
76. Schwartz JM, Stoessel PW, Baxter LR Jr, Martin KM, Phelps ME. Systematic changes in cerebral glucose metabolic rate after successful behavior modification treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996:53:109-113.
77. Swedo SE, Pietrini P, Leonard HL, et al. Cerebral glucose metabolism in childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. Revisualization during pharmacotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992:49:690-694.
78. Brody AL, Saxena S, Schwartz JM, et al. FDG-PET predictors of response to behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy in obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 1998:84:1-6.
79. Saxena S, Brody AL, Maidment KM, et al. Localized orbitofrontal and subcortical metabolic changes and predictors of response to paroxetine treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999:21:683-693.
80. Rauch SL, Shin LM, Dougherty DD, Alpert NM, Fischman AJ, Jenike MA. Predictors of fluvoxamine response in contamination-related obsessive compulsive disorder: a PET symptom provocation study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002:27:782-791.
81. Rauch SL, Savage CR, Alpert NM, et al. Probing striatal function in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a PET study of implicit sequence learning. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1997:9:568-573.
82. van den Heuvel OA, Veltman DJ, Groenewegen HJ, et al. Frontal-striatal dysfunction during planning in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005:62:301-309.
83. van der Wee NJ, Ramsey NF, Jansma JM, et al. Spatial working memory deficits in obsessive compulsive disorder are associated with excessive engagement of the medial frontal cortex. Neuroimage 2003:20:2271-2280.
84. Ursu S, Stenger VA, Shear MK, Jones MR, Carter CS. Overactive action monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging. Psychol Sci 2003:14:347-353.
85. Fitzgerald KD, Welsh RC, Gehring WJ, et al. Error-related hyperactivity of the anterior cingulate cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2005:57:287-294.
86. Maltby N, Tolin DF, Worhunsky P, O'Keefe TM, Kiehl KA. Dysfunctional action monitoring hyperactivates frontal-striatal circuits in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage 2005:24:495-503.
87. Rauch SL, Dougherty DD, Shin LM, et al. Neural correlates of factor-analyzed OCD symptom dimensions: a PET study. CNS Spectrosc 1998:3:37-43.
88. Phillips ML, Marks IM, Senior C, et al. A differential neural response in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients with washing compared with checking symptoms to disgust. Psychol Med 2000:30:1037-1050.
89. Shapira NA, Liu Y, He AG, et al. Brain activation by disgust-inducing pictures in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2003:54:751-756.
90. van den Heuvel OA, Veltman DJ, Groenewegen HJ, et al. Amygdala activity in obsessive-compulsive disorder with contamination fear: a study with oxygen-15 water positron emission tomography. Psychiatry Res 2004:132:225-237.
91. Saxena S, Brody AL, Maidment KM, et al. Cerebral glucose metabolism in obsessive-compulsive hoarding. Am J Psychiatry 2004:161:1038-1048.
92. Mataix-Cols D, Wooderson S, Lawrence N, Brammer MJ, Speckens A, Phillips ML. Distinct neural correlates of washing, checking and hoarding symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004:164:564-576.
93. Tsuang MT, Faraone SV. The frustrating search for schizophrenia genes. Am J Med Genet 2000:97:1-3.
94. Gottesman II, Shields J. Schizophrenia and genetics: a twin study vantage point. New York: Academic Press; 1972.
95. Leboyer M, Bellivier F, Nosten-Bertrand M, Jouvent R, Pauls D, Mallet J. Psychiatric genetics: search for phenotypes. Trends Neurosci 1998:21:102-105.
96. Gottesman II, Gould TD. The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. Am J Psychiatry 2003:160:636-645.
97. John B, Lewis KR. Chromosome variability and geographic distribution in insects. Science 1996:152:711-721.
98. Lalouel JM, Le Mignon L, Simon M, et al. Genetic analysis of idiopathic hemochromatosis using both qualitative (disease status) and quantitative (serum iron) information. Am J Hum Genet 1985:37:700-718.
99. Egan MF, Goldberg TE, Kolachana BS, et al. Effect of COMT Val108/158 Met genotype on frontal lobe function and risk for schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001:98:6917-6922.
100. Hennah W, Tuulio-Henriksson A, Paunio T, et al. A haplotype within the DISC1 gene is associated with visual memory functions in families with a high density of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2005;10:1097-1103.
101. Arolt V, Lencer R, Purmann S, et al. Testing for linkage of eye tracking dysfunction and schizophrenia to markers on chromosomes 6, 8, 9, 20, and 22 in families multiply affected with schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet 1999:88:603-606.
102. Myles-Worsley M, Coon H, McDowell J, et al. Linkage of a composite inhibitory phenotype to a chromosome 22q locus in eight Utah families. Am J Med Genet 1999:88:544-550.
103. Rybakowski JK, Borkowska A, Czerski PM, Hauser J. Dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) gene polymorphism is associated with the intensity of eye movement disturbances in schizophrenic patients and healthy subjects. Mol Psychiatry 2001:6:718-724.
104. Freedman R, Coon H, Myles-Worsley M, et al. Linkage of a neurophysiological deficit in schizophrenia to a chromosome 15 locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997:94:587-592.
105. Hariri AR, Weinberger DR. Imaging genomics. Br Med Bull 2003:65:259-270.
106. Ramsey NF, Raemaekers M, Vink M, van den Heuvel MP, Kahn RS. Using striatal activity as an endophenotype marker in a linkage study. Schizophr Bull 2005:31:473.
107. Callicott JH, Mattay VS, Verchinski BA, Marenco S, Egan MF, Weinberger DR. Complexity of prefrontal cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia: more than up or down. Am J Psychiatry 2003:160:2209-2215.
108. Bookheimer SY, Strojwas MH, Cohen MS, et al. Patterns of brain activation in people at risk for Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 2000:343:450-456.
109. Joober R, Gauthier J, Lal S, et al. Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val-108/158-Met gene variants associated with performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002:59:662-663.
110. Phillips ML, Young AW, Senior C, et al. A specific neural substrate for perceiving facial expressions of disgust. Nature 1997:389:495-498.
111. Phillips ML, Young AW, Scott SK, et al. Neural responses to facial and vocal expressions of fear and disgust. Proc Biol Sci 1998:265:1809-1817.
112. Hariri AR, Drabant EM, Munoz KE, et al. A susceptibility gene for affective disorders and the response of the human amygdala. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005:62:146-152.
113. Heinz A, Braus DF, Smolka MN, et al. Amygdala-prefrontal coupling depends on a genetic variation of the serotonin transporter. Nat Neurosci 2005:8:20-21.
114. Pezawas L, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Drabant EM, et al. 5-HTTLPR polymorphism impacts human cingulate-amygdala interactions: a genetic susceptibility mechanism for depression. Nat Neurosci 2005:8:828-834.
115. Fan J, Fossella J, Sommer T, Wu Y, Posner MI. Mapping the genetic variation of executive attention onto brain activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003:100:7406-7411.
|
Language: | English.
|
Document Type: | Clinical Potential of Brain Mapping Using MRI.
|
Journal Subset: | Clinical Medicine.
|
ISSN: | 1053-1807
|
DOI Number: | https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmri....- ouverture dans une nouvelle fenêtre
|
Annotation(s) | |
|
|